PLEURAL FLUID COLLECTINS

• Ultrasound
• Associated Anomalies
• Treatment
• Prognosis

LINKS TO ETIOLOGY OF PLEURAL FLUID

• Link to Hydrops fetalis
• Link to Chylothorax
• Link to Chromosomal anomalies (trisomy 21, monosomy X)
• Link to Pulmonary lymphangiectasia
• Link to Cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lungs
• Link to Bronchopulmonary sequestration
• Link to Diaphragmatic hernia
• Link to Chest wall hamartoma (rare)

Heart failure	Hypoproteinemia
o arrhythmias o cardiac defects o myocarditis o fetal anemia o arteriovenous shunts o mediastinal compression o twin/twin transfusion o pulmonary vein atresia	o Renal defects o Gastrointestinal defects o Hepatic infiltrations
Anemia	Hepatic infiltrations
red cell isoimmunisation Parvovirus B19 Cytomegalovirus Alpha talassemia Fetomaternal hemorrhage G-6-PD deficiency	Fetal anemia Fetal infection Metabolic disorder
Arteriovenous shunts	Fetal infection
vein of Galen aneurysm placental chorioangioma acardiac twin fetal tumor	Cytomegalovirus Toxoplasmosis Rubella Syphilis Hepatitis
Mediastinal compression	Metabolic disorder
skeletal dysplasia diaphragmatic hernia cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung pulmonary sequestration laryngeal obstruction	mucopolysaccharidosis Gaucher’s disease Gangliosidosis Sialidosis
Neuromuscular disorder	Chromosomal disorder
fetal akinesia deformation sequence	Trisomies 21, 18, 13 Turner syndrome Triploidy
Idiopathic